Books, Monographs & Edited Volumes

“Cybersecurity: Emerging Issues, Trends, Technologies and Threats in 2015 and Beyond”, RSIS/National Security Coordination Secretariat Singapore, Editor, 2015.

“European Criminal Justice Post-Lisbon: An Irish Perspective”, Institute of International and European Affairs (IIEA), project and content editor in conjunction with Ed. Eugene Regan, 2012.

Journal Articles

“Enhancing national cyber deterrence and the Irish Defence Forces’ contribution”, Defence Forces Review, 2019.

“Cyber dynamics and world order: Enhancing international cyber stability”, Irish Studies in International Affairs, Royal Irish Academy, 2018.

“Asia Pacific contributions to international cyber stability”, Panorama, Konrad Adenauer Stiftung (KAS), 2018.

“New Trends in Chinese Foreign Policy: The Evolving Role of Cyber”, Asian Security, 2017.

“Role of the Military in Cyberspace: Civil-Military Relations and International Military Cooperation”, Pointer, Journal of the Singapore Armed Forces, 2016.

“Cyber capacity building in ASEAN: The importance of confidence building measures”, CyFy Journal Vol. 3: Digital Debates, Observer Research Foundation India and Global Policy Journal, 2016.

“Cybersecurity: Fostering transparency, trust and predictability among militaries in Asia”, Special Report 30th Asia Pacific Roundtable, Institute of Strategic and International Studies (ISIS) Malaysia, 2016.

“Civil-Military Relations and International Military Cooperation in Cyber Security: Common Challenges & State Practices across Asia and Europe”, NATO Cooperative Cyber Defence Centre of Excellence (NATO CCD COE) CyCon 2015 journal, Heinl, Boeke & Veenendaal, 2015.

“Artificial (Intelligent) Agents and Active Cyber Defence: Policy Implications”, NATO Cooperative Cyber Defence Centre of Cyber Excellence (NATO CCD COE) CyCon 2014 journal, 2014.

“Regional Cybersecurity: Moving Toward a Resilient ASEAN Cybersecurity Regime” in Asia Policy, The National Bureau of Asian Research (NBR), July 2014.

Book Chapters & Articles in Edited Volumes

“Maturing autonomous cyber weapons systems: Implications for international security cyber and autonomous weapons systems regimes”, Oxford Handbook of Cyber Security, Oxford University Press, Ed. Prof. Paul Cornish, forthcoming.

“Terrorist access to offensive cyber means and how this threat might be best managed”, Oxford Handbook of Cyber Security, Oxford University Press, Ed. Prof. Paul Cornish, forthcoming.

“Regional Cybersecurity Policy Developments in Southeast Asia and the Wider Asia Pacific” in State, Society and National Security: Challenges and Opportunities in the 21^st Century, World Scientific, 2016.

“Regional Security Architecture in Asia: Enhancing Transparency and Confidence among Militaries on Cyber” in Securing Cyberspace, Institute for Defence Studies & Analyses (IDSA) New Delhi, 2016.

“The Potential Military Impact of Emerging Technologies in the Asia Pacific Region: A Focus on Cyber Capabilities” in Emerging Critical Technologies and Security in the Asia Pacific, Palgrave Macmillan, December 2015.

Reports & Working Papers

“Cybercrime: Current Threats and Responses – A review of the research literature’, Research and Data Analytics Unit, Department of Justice and Equality of the Government of Ireland, Caitríona Heinl and Sheelagh Brady, 2020.

“Applied AI Solution Ideation Series/military training”, post-workshop report, 2020

“Peace and security in cyberspace: Universalising confidence building measures”, Working paper, Centre for Humanitarian Dialogue, 2020.

“Pathways to Change: Resilience, Rights and Rules in Cyberspace”, Input paper for the
 EU-UN Group of Governmental Experts’ regional consultations, EU ISS EU Cyber Direct project, Pawlak, Kurowska, Tikk, Heinl and Delerue, 2019.

“Identifying present-day strategic questions related to lethal autonomous weapons systems for potential mediation endeavours”, Policy brief, Centre for Humanitarian Dialogue, 2019.

“Activities in the Asia Pacific related to cyber diplomacy: A consideration of EU involvement in shaping discussions”, European Security and Defence College Cyber ETEE publication, 2018.

“NTU Singapore Cyber Risk Management project: Key observations to enhance cyber resilience”, NTU Nanyang Business School, 2018.

“Fostering stronger policy community contributions on the cyber insurance market to enhance cyber resilience globally”, Policy brief, NTU Singapore Cyber Risk Management project, 2017.

“Moving towards regional coordination and harmonisation of data protection and cybersecurity policies in the Asia Pacific?”, NTU Singapore Nanyang Business School, 2018.

“Next steps: Implementing the UN Group of Governmental Experts 2015 norm (i) on reasonable steps to ensure the integrity of the supply chain and prevent proliferation of malicious ICT tools and techniques”, Leiden University Institute of Security and Global Affairs and ICT for peace foundation, Submission to the UN Office for Disarmament Affairs, 2018.

“NTU Cyber Risk Management project: Roundtable series on optimal governance and regulatory structures to enhance resilience”, Roundtable reports, NTU Nanyang Business School, 2017.

“Cyber Capacity Building and ASEAN”, Policy report series, Singapore Cyber Security Agency, 2016:

Report (1) “The importance of cyber capacity building initiatives”;

Report (2) “Cyber capacity building developments in other regional bodies”; and Report (3) “Cyber capacity building models for ASEAN members’ consideration”.

“Cybersecurity Initiatives in China”, Policy report, National Security Coordination Secretariat Singapore, Heinl & Tan, 2016.

“Enabling Better Multinational and International Military Cooperation for Cyber-Related Matters Across Asia and Europe”, RSIS, 2015.

“National Security Implications of Increasingly Autonomous Technologies: Defining Autonomy, and Military and Cyber-Related Implications, Part 1”, RSIS, 2015.

“National Security Implications of Increasingly Autonomous Technologies: Legal Ambiguity, Challenges in Controlling this Space, Public/Private Sector Dynamics and Ethical Concerns, Part 2”, RSIS, 2015.

“Civil-Military Relations and International Military Cooperation in Cyberspace”, Research paper for the Global Conference on Cyber Space 2015, Boeke & Heinl, Leiden University with support from the Netherlands Ministry of Defence, 2015.

‘The impact of cyber-based technologies as a new form of “armaments”’, The Global Arms Industry in 2030 (and Beyond), RSIS Military Transformations Programme workshop report, January 2015.

“Asia-Pacific Economic Cooperation (APEC) Cyber-Energy Nexus Study –
Best Practices, Opportunities, and Challenges for Smart Energy Technology”, Mendoza (Sandia National Laboratories), Mylrea (U.S. Department of Energy Office of International Affairs) & Heinl, 2015.

“Cybersecurity Initiatives in India”, Policy report, National Security Coordination Secretariat Singapore, 2015.

“Establishing a Direct Communications Link in the ADMM Process: Cyber-Related Policy Issues and Key Findings”, Policy report, National Security Coordination Secretariat Singapore, 2015.

“Establishing and Sustaining Effective Public-Private Partnerships for Enhanced Cyber Security: Key Best Practices”, Policy report, National Security Coordination Secretariat Singapore, 2013.

Other Publications, Commentaries & Op-eds 

“Navigating Cyber Diplomacy in the Asia Pacific: Interview with Tobias Feakin, Australian Ambassador for Cyber and Critical Technology, and Johanna Weaver, Australian Representative to the UN GGE and UN OEWG on Cyber”, EU Institute of Security Studies/EU Cyber Direct project ‘Directions’, 2020.

“Cyber Arms Control and Risk Reduction”, EU Institute of Security Studies/EU Cyber Direct project ‘Directions’, 2020.

“Developing effective security strategy in Ireland: Lessons from the cyber domain?”, Commentary for the Nortia/IIEA seminar series on ‘Strategy building for small states in European security and defence, Institute of International and European Affairs (IIEA), 2020.

“Present day strategic questions related to AI”, Strategic Review, 2019.

“Identifying ways to deepen the EU-Singapore cyber relationship”, Konrad Adenauer Stiftung (KAS) Digitalisation Programme, 2019.

“An overview of the European Union’s current strategies, policies and concepts on cyber”, FIC Newsletter, 2019.

“An ASEAN way of cybersecurity: Unpacking the proposed ASEAN-Singapore Cybersecurity Centre of Excellence”, Asia & The Pacific Policy Society Policy Forum, 2019.

“How can ASEAN continue to advance cybersecurity in the region?”, Council on Foreign Relations, 2018.

“Deepening cyber resilience through insurance initiatives”, Singapore Business Times, 2017.

“Cybersecurity: Advancing Global Law Enforcement Cooperation”, RSIS, Honiss & Heinl, 2015.

“Contemporary Cybercrime: Countering Through Cross-discipline Cooperation”, RSIS commentary, Honiss & Heinl, 2015.

“Emerging Cyber Capabilities in the Asia Pacific: Potential Military Impact”, RSIS, 2014.

“New Avenues for Regional Cooperation: Tackling Human Trafficking in Asia”, Jakarta Post, Alistair D. B. Cook & Heinl, 2014.

“Enhancing Cybersecurity and Data Privacy: The Role of Private Citizens”, RSIS, 2013.

“Enhancing ASEAN-wide Cybersecurity: Time for a Hub of Excellence?”, RSIS, 2013.

Additional blogs can be found at: https://caitrionaheinlcyberpolicywatch.wordpress.com/author/caitrionaheinlcyberpolicywatch/

Research Projects, Consulting, Capacity Building & Training

• Commissioned projects by various government ministries/bodies’ (e.g. Netherlands Ministry of Defence, U.S. Department of Energy Office of International Affairs, the Irish government’s Department of Justice, the Irish government’s Department of Defence, and the UK Ministry of Defence/Dstl).
• Commissioned report on “Cybercrime: Current Threats and Responses – A review of the research literature’ undertaken to assist policy formation for the Research and Data Analytics Unit, Department of Justice and Equality of the Government of Ireland, Caitríona Heinl and Sheelagh Brady, 2020. The report serves as an evidence based analysis of the current landscape to inform policy makers with responsibilities in the field of cybercrime. The review constitutes a springboard for future empirical research on best practice in this area, providing a body of evidence that is essential to inform future policy discussions and development.
• Applied AI Solution Ideation Series/military training workshops, 2020.
• Founder and Editor-in-Chief, ‘The Azure Forum Strategic Insights’, Commentary platform, The Azure Forum for Contemporary Security Strategy, June 2020-present.
• Member of a two-person consulting team conducting a Study to inform the ‘Feasibility of the Establishment of a Research, Technology & Innovation Capability for the Irish Defence Organisation’, prepared for the International Security and Defence Policy Branch, Irish Department of Defence, 2020.
• Project lead, ‘The Azure Forum 2020 Webinar Series on ‘Peace, security and defence during and beyond the Covid-19 crisis: Lessons for future global crises’, 2020.
• Co-editor in Chief, ‘Directions Blog’, EU Cyber Direct Project, EU Institute of Security Studies (EU ISS), 2020-present. The platform is part of a bigger cyber portal that provides timely analysis and a one- stop-shop for issues linked to international law in cyberspace, cyber conflict and national and regional developments.
• Member, EU Reflection Group on a Future Blueprint for an international cyber strategy for the European Union, EU ISS EU Cyber Direct project, 2019-2020.
• Member of the organising committee for the MIT international conference on cyber norms. This forum brings policy-makers and key thought leaders together on an annual basis as a track 1.5 initiative which is supported by the U.S. State Department et al, 2019-present.
• Expert trainer on “How to build trust and confidence in cyberspace? Lessons and good practices” as part of the training sessions on Peace and Security in Cyberspace for G77 Diplomats co-organised by the European External Action Service, Mexico, Singapore, Kenya and Estonia at UN Headquarters, 2019.
• Expert trainer on the national implementation of the UN Group of Governmental Experts’ norms of responsible state behaviour in Indonesia at a capacity building workshop for government officials that was co-organised/sponsored by the UK Foreign and Commonwealth Office, Australian Department of Foreign Affairs and the Australian Strategic Policy Institute, 2019.
• Rapporteur and facilitator, Cyber Confidence Building Measures session, EU Institute Security Studies Track 1.5 workshop on EU contributions to the UN Group of Governmental Experts process 2019. Provided CBMs section for the EU ISS expert input report to the EU framing paper for the UNGGE/OEWG, April 2019.
• Previously held responsibility for cyber policy for the Nanyang Technological University (NTU) Cyber Risk Management project as part of an interdisciplinary team for a government-industry research collaboration comprising and established by the Singapore Cyber Security Agency, Monetary Authority of Singapore and global insurance companies. This included curating and organising a series of roundtables/workshops on optimal governance and regulatory structures to enhance resilience during 2017-2018 in order to develop a robust set of policy recommendations to reduce risk, enhance cyber resilience and support the effective development of a cyber insurance market in Singapore. Established an informal platform for a range of governmental and non-governmental experts to gather input from the global cyber policy communities, government, industry and research institutes to establish the policy foundations for these economic and risk assessment frameworks, including how they might be applied nationally. A series of informal closed-door roundtables were held in the latter half of 2017 and three session reports were produced.
• Trainer, “Role of cyber CBMs in reducing misunderstanding, enhancing cooperation and supporting international stability”, Australia-ASEAN capacity building workshop (Track 1), 2017.
• Moderator and table-top exercise facilitator, ASEAN Regional Forum (ARF) Workshop on Operationalising Confidence Building Measures for Cooperation during Cyber Incident Response, co-hosted by the European External Action Service (EEAS) and Government of Malaysia (Track 1), Kuala Lumpur, 2016.
• Trainer, “Overview of CBMs”, United States State Department-Singapore Cyber Security Agency workshop on Cybersecurity for ASEAN Countries, 2016.
• National cybersecurity governance and strategy overviews, including organisational and stakeholder structures (Country overviews e.g. India, China). These policy reports were commissioned by the National Security Coordination Secretariat Singapore, 2015-2016.
• “Cybersecurity: Emerging Issues, Trends, Technologies & Threats in 2015 and Beyond”, Conference, July 2015, Lead Research Fellow responsible for planning the Singapore National Security Coordination Secretariat (NSCS)/CENS workshop.
• External consultant commissioned by Sandia National Laboratories and the U.S. Department of Energy Office of International Affairs to provide public policy insight on APEC economies’ energy sectors, smart grid initiatives, the cybersecurity nexus and potential challenges/opportunities. This was part of the Asia-Pacific Economic Cooperation (APEC) Cyber-Energy Nexus Study – Best Practices, Opportunities, and Challenges for Smart Energy Technology, 2015.
• “Global Conference on Cyber Space (GCCS) 2015 session on Civil-Military Relations and International Military Cooperation in Cyberspace”, The Hague, 2015. Co-organised the GCCS 2015 parallel session with Leiden University Centre for Terrorism and Counterterrorism and New America, supported by the Netherlands Ministry of Defence. Co-presented the panel position paper, which was discussed by lead government and NATO representatives on cyber policy.
• “Joint RSIS-Leiden University Centre for Terrorism and Counterterrorism informal roundtable on “Civil-Military Relations in Cyberspace”, 2014. Co-organised the closed-door informal roundtable. Supported by the Netherlands Ministry of Defence as a contribution to the preparatory work for GCCS2015. The roundtable focused on three key themes, namely: 1) The role of the military in cyberspace; 2) The role of the military in national incident and crisis response; and 3) International Military Cooperation.
• IIEA, Dublin (2011). Legal research and in-house project management for a European Commission study for the then Directorate General Justice Liberty and Security on non-legislative measures to prevent the distribution of online violent radical content. This included analysis of methods used to prevent the dissemination of other illegal online content across EU Member States and cooperation mechanisms between industry, LEAs and NGOs.

Public Outreach, Lectures, Consultations and Track 1/1.5 Dialogues

• Speaker, “Regional confidence-building measures in the ICT environment”, Fourteenth International Forum “Partnership of State, business and civil society in ensuring international information security”, National Association for International Information Security (NAIIS) Russia, December 2020.
• Participant, EU-Africa Cyber Consultations, organised by the EU Cyber Direct project, Research ICT Africa, CIPESA and Paradigm Initiative, November 2020.
• Panellist, “Building Trust to prevent cyber conflict escalation: Enhancing EU-ROK cooperation on cyber CBMs”, EU-Republic of Korea Cyber Consultations, October 2020.
• Speaker, ‘Cybercrime: Current Threats and Responses – A review of the research literature’, Webinar organised by the Research and Data Analytics Unit in the Department of Justice and Equality of the Government of Ireland, October 2020.
• Panellist, “Critical Infrastructure protection and cyber diplomacy”, EU Cyber Forum (EU ISS/EU cyber direct project), September 2020.
• Chair, Regional perspectives on cyber norms, EU Institute of Security Studies (EUISS) Cyber Forum, Summer 2020.
• Panellist, Nortia/IIEA seminar on ‘Strategy building for small states in European security and defence’, Dublin, February 2020.
• Panellist on “National security strategy: How should we advance and protect Irish national interests using the means at our disposal?”, National Security Summit Ireland, February 2020.
• Lecture at Maynooth University for the Irish Defence Forces’ Junior Command and Staff course on “The nature of global cyber threats to which Ireland might be susceptible”, January 2020.
• Participant, UN Open-Ended Working Group Multi-stakeholder meeting, UN HQ, December 2019.
• Briefing on the UN Framework for ICT Security at the EU Delegation to the UN, organised by the EU Institute of Security Studies (EUISS), December 2019.
• Participant, EU-Japan Joint Responses to Malicious Cyber Activities, EU-Japan Cyber Workshop, Keio University Global Research Institute, Tokyo, December 2019.
• Participant, Expert seminar on responsible behaviour in cyberspace in East Asia: European and East Asian Perspectives, EU Cyber Direct project, December 2019.
• Speaker, “Preventing conflict in cyberspace and capacity building”, EU-Brazil Cyber Consultations (track 1.5), Rio de Janeiro, November 2019.
• Speaker, “The strategic threat landscape in Ireland: Unpacking modern cyber-related threats”, Department of Foreign Affairs and Trade Global Policy Series, October 2019.
• Lecture, “Enhancing national cyber deterrence and the Irish Defence Forces’ contribution”, Irish Defence Forces Command and Staff Training, October 2019.
• Participant, “Fifth International Roundtable on Military Cyber Stability”, Closed door Track 1.5, hosted by Shanghai Institutes for International Studies (SIIS), Shanghai, September 2019.
• Panelist, Panel session: “Regional perspectives on Chinese cyber strategy, capabilities and intentions”, Workshop on China and cyberspace, NATO Headquarters, September 2019.
• Speaker, “Cyber Confidence Building Measures: Regional questions”, International Conference on Building a Global Cyberspace Regime, Co-organised by the National Security Research Institute, the National Cyber Security Center, and the Ministry of Foreign Affairs Republic of Korea, September 2019.
• Briefing, “Current/emerging cyber-related threats & trends”, September 2019, Union Bancaire Privée,
• Expert meeting, EU-UN Group of Governmental Experts’ Chair regional consultations, Brussels, June 2019.
• Speaker, “Huawei/5G security considerations for organisations based in Ireland”, Overseas Security Advisory Council (OSAC) Chapter Ireland, State Department, June 2019.
• Speaker, “Russia and China – Their impact on Irish security from a cyber perspective”, SAR Consultancy Irish Security Series, May 2019.
• Speaker, Present-day strategic questions related to cyber-enabled autonomous weapons systems, University College Dublin Cybersecurity Research Colloquium, May 2019.
• Speaker, “Autonomous weapons systems: Stability considerations”, MIT Military Cyber Stability Panel, MIT Norms Workshop, April 2019.
• Tutorial, “Present-day strategic questions related to cyber-enabled autonomous weapons systems” in Artificial Intelligence: Trends, Applications and Governance Tutorial, MIT, April 2019.
• Speaker, “The cybersecurity landscape and role of the military”, Irish Defence Forces’ Officers Club, April 2019.
• Executive Seminar, “Global affairs and diplomacy: Asia Pacific states’ contribution to a regime of international cyber stability”, Geneva Centre for Security Policy, February 2019.
• Speaker, Cyber Diplomacy Panel, EU Cyber Education, Training, Evaluation and Exercise Platform Launch, European Security and Defence College, November 2018.
• Speaker, Cyber risk management panel, CyFy, New Delhi, October 2018.
• Participant, EU-India Track 1.5 Cyber Dialogue, New Delhi October 2018.
• Briefing, Cyber Diplomacy, Centre for Humanitarian Dialogue, September 2019.
• Speaker, Lethal Autonomous Weapons Systems (LAWS) and cyber-enabled weapons systems, “Military Operations in Cyber Space”, Wilton Park conference, UK, September 2018.
• Participant, World Economic Forum/Berkeley Centre for Long Term Cybersecurity Cyber Scenario Foresight workshop, Singapore, July 2018.
• Speaker, “Cyber dynamics and world order: Enhancing international cyber stability”, Royal Irish Academy International Affairs Standing Committee (supported by the Irish Department of Foreign Affairs and Department of Defence), May 2018.
• Participant, Konrad Adenauer Stiftung Dialogue Programme on “Effects of digitisation on society and politics in Asia and Germany”. Input statement on regional cyber stability provided at the German Foreign Office, March 2018.
• Participant, EU-ASEAN Strategic Thinkers Forum, Irish government’s Department of Foreign Affairs and Trade nominee, February 2018.
• Lecture, “Enhancing International Cyber Stability: Regional developments in the Asia Pacific”, Leiden University Institute of Security and Global Affairs Research seminar series on global affairs and diplomacy, February 2018.
• Speaker, “Implications for democratic societies”, Konrad Adenauer Stiftung Hacked Elections workshop, Tokyo, November 2017.
• Discussant, “Security and new security – Cyber session”, China and Global Norms workshop, S. Rajaratnam School of International Studies China Programme, November 2017.
• Panellist, “Implications of Exponential Technologies”, Asia Pacific Insurance Conference, October 2017.
• Chair and Panellist, “Command and CTRL: Emerging Regime on Lethal Autonomous Weapons”, India Conference on Cybersecurity and Cyber Governance (CyFy) 2017, Observer Research Foundation (ORF), New Delhi, October 2017.
• Panellist, United Nations Institute for Disarmament Research/CSIS (with support from the governments of Germany and the Netherlands), 2^nd International Security Cyber Issues workshop series: Enhancing International Stability, “Regional perspectives on cyber norms”, Singapore, September 2017.
• Moderator and panellist, SWIFT Institute Cyber 3.0 Conference, co-hosted by NTU Singapore, August 2017.
• Chairperson and roundtable panellist on “The Spectrum of Cyber Risks: The Role of Insurance”, Asia Cyber Risk Summit, Singapore, June 2017.
• Participant, ASEAN Cyber Norms Workshop, Singapore Cyber Security Agency, May 2017 (track 1).
• Speaker on “Capacity Building for Enhanced Cyber/ICT Security”, Inter-regional Conference on Cyber/ICT Security, Organization for Security and Cooperation in Europe (OSCE)/Government of the Republic of Korea, Seoul, April 2017 (track 1).
• Discussant on “World disorder, cyber norms and grand strategy: The search for peaceful equilibrium”, Cyber Norms 5.0: Creating International Architectures for Cyber Stability MIT/Harvard workshop, Boston, March 2017.
• Speaker on “Regional Security: Cyber Developments and Regional Engagement in Southeast Asia”, 9th International Cybersecurity Forum (FIC), France, January 2017.
• Participant, Raisina Dialogue, Ministry of External Affairs of the Government of India and Observer Research Foundation (ORF) New Delhi, January 2017.
• Panellist on “Digital Opportunities: Managing Access, Privacy and Security”, Asian Forum on Global Governance 2016, New Delhi, October 2016.
• Moderator, Data Privacy Asia, Singapore, October 2016.
• Lecture on “A changing cyber landscape: The importance of new developments in cybersecurity and regional engagement”, United States Department of State Overseas Security Advisory Council (OSAC), October 2016.
• Participant, International Cyber Leaders’ Symposium, Singapore International Cyber Week, Cyber Security Agency, October 2016.
• Panellist, Channel News Asia Cyber Sessions, September 2016.
• Panellist on “Sentient technologies, cyber weapons and autonomous platforms”, India Conference on Cybersecurity and Cyber Governance (CyFy) 2016, ORF New Delhi, September 2016.
• Panellist, “Geopolitics of Cyber in Asia”, co-sponsored by the Castex Chair of Cybersecurity France and the East-West Institute, Paris, July 2016.
• Speaker on “Regional Security Architecture in Asia: Enhancing Transparency and Confidence Among Militaries on Cyber”, Disruptive Defence Technologies in Military Operations conference, RSIS and Temasek Defence Systems Institute, Singapore, June 2016.
• Speaker, Cyber Security in the 21st Century: Threats to the Defence and Security Sectors conference, Malaysian National Defence University and Defence Services Asia, Kuala Lumpur, April 2016.
• Speaker on “Maturing Autonomous Technologies – Implications for National Security”, National Security and Technology Panel, Asia Pacific Programme for Senior National Security Officers (APPSNO), Singapore, April 2016.
• Participant and panel rapporteur, Cyber Norms 4.0: Designing a Normative International Cybersecurity Architecture workshop, MIT Computer Science & Artificial Intelligence Laboratory and Harvard University, Boston, March 2016.
• Speaker on “Regional Security Architecture in Asia: Enhancing Transparency and Confidence among Militaries on Cyber”, 18^th Asian Security Conference 2016 on “Securing Cyberspace: Asian and International Perspectives”, Institute for Defence Studies and Analyses (IDSA) New Delhi, February 2016.
• Participant, Cyber3Conference, Cabinet Office of the Government of Japan with support of the World Economic Forum, Okinawa, November 2015.
• Speaker on “ARF Cyber CBMs: Moving Forward”, ASEAN Regional Forum seminar on Operationalising Cyber Confidence Building Measures in the ARF, co-hosted by the Singapore Cyber Security Agency and United States Department of State (Track 1), October 2015.
• Moderator and panellist on “Regional Perspectives and Policy Options”, ICT4Peace Capacity Building for International Cyber Security Negotiations government to government ASEAN workshop, Singapore, October 2015.
• Panellist on “Backbone of the Internet/Encryption policies”, CyFy 2015: The India Conference on Cyber Security and Internet Governance, ORF New Delhi, October 2015.
• Speaker on “Role of the Military in Cyberspace: Civil Military Relations and International Military Cooperation” Goh Keng Swee Command and Staff College seminar for the 46th cohort and military senior leadership, Singapore, October 2015.
• Participant, Europol-INTERPOL Cybercrime Conference 2015, The Hague, September 2015.
• Participant, EastWest Institute, Global Cyberspace Cooperation Summit, New York, September 2015.
• Speaker on “Civil-Military Relations in Cyberspace”, ASEAN Regional Forum Workshop on Cyber Security Capacity Building, hosted by the Government of the People’s Republic of China and Government of Malaysia, (track 1) Beijing, July 2015.
• Presenter on the motion “Cyber Conflict is simply a question of when, not if”, 29th Asia Pacific Roundtable, ISIS Malaysia/ASEAN ISIS (Track 2), Kuala Lumpur, June 2015.
• Speaker on “Regional Cybersecurity – Key policy developments in Southeast Asia and the wider Asia Pacific”, Cyber Intelligence Asia, Manila, April 2015.
• Speaker on “Civil-Military Relations and International Military Cooperation in Cyberspace”, Parallel session, Global Conference on Cyber Space (GCCS) 2015, The Hague, April 2015.
• Participant, INTERPOL (IGCI) Cyber Research Agenda workshop, Singapore, March 2015.
• Participant, Asia Pacific Perspectives on the Hague Global Conference on Cyberspace workshop, Kuala Lumpur, February 2015. Findings informed the GCCS 2015.
• Speaker on “China and Cybersecurity Issues”, New Trends in Chinese Foreign Policy conference, RSIS China programme, Singapore, November 2014.
• Speaker on “The impact of cyber-based technologies as a new form of armaments”, The Global Arms Industry in 2030 (and Beyond) workshop, RSIS Military Transformations Programme, November 2014.
• Speaker, ISMS Annual Conference on Armed Forces for 2020 and Beyond, Austrian National Defence Academy, Vienna, October 2014.
• Participant, India Conference on Cyber Security and Cyber Governance (CYFY 2014), New Delhi, October 2014.
• Speaker on “Cyber-related policy issues”, ASEAN Defence Ministers’ Meeting Process Workshop on Establishing a Direct Communication Link (Track 1), Brunei Darussalam, August 2014.
• Speaker on “Artificial (Intelligent) Agents and Active Cyber Defence: Policy Implications”, Annual conference on cyber conflict (CyCon) 2014, NATO Cooperative Cyber Defence Centre of Excellence (NATO CCDCOE), Estonia, June 2014.
• Discussant on “Regional Cybersecurity Cooperation: Recent Developments”, United States Embassy workshop on “Regional Cybersecurity Engagement”, Singapore, March 2014.
• Speaker on “Moving Towards a Resilient ASEAN Cyber Security Regime”, ASEAN Regional Forum Workshop on Cyber Confidence Building Measures (Track 1), Kuala Lumpur, March 2014.
• Speaker on “Challenges at the Regional ASEAN Level and Possible Responses”, Network of ASEAN Defence and Security Institutions (NADI) workshop on cybersecurity (Track 1.5), November 2013.